I can't find any numbers that actually show how many poor people we have - but I would be surprised if we weren't in the top 10 of countries with equally distributed wealth. Especially given our tax rates that go from 20-70% based on annual income. So I imagine we have a very homogeneous society mainly consisting of few poor and few very rich.
Going to jail has an affect, but it really depends on the situation and what you did. In my experience, it's mostly the big companies that refuse to hire someone with a criminal background. But if you've done time because of financial crimes then you'll have a hard time getting a job, we don't like people who steal.
It's important to understand though that we don't place such a huge emphasis on family values (in public) as you do - if a politician is caught cheating on his wife then people lose a little respect for him, but he won't lose his job - if he's caught stealing or gets a DUI however.. So if people have done crimes that have nothing to do with their competence in a given job, then we are more forgiving - and very harsh if they have.
I doubt you could implement this system in America now, but perhaps that will change in the years to come. Obama might bring a little socialism to your shores yet.