Past games have had hints of that, but nothing with that kind of detail. I personally think it should matter if civvies get killed from an attack you make. But then I tend to think of things like in Superman2 w/the Man of Steel crying "The peeopppleee!" when I play good characters - ie, good characters should care about the lives they're ultimately trying to protect. I mean, sure you can't avoid it every instance, but it should have some world-effect...either by affecting later quests (cause you killed a civvie's brother) or some kind of general whole.
So to answer the question - yes, I'd be interested in a game that explored such a theme...as long as it wasn't just 'escort me here while I trail behind you like an idiot' quests, like someone mentioned....which doesn't seem to be what you're thinking about, anyway.