You are describing now a different part of the combat - but even there you agree, that your monk gets his powers from discipline in whatever form, not from being hit. So I suspect a system where the character had to rest/meditate and train his body would reflect even him better than a rage counter, that unleashes wrath when full.
Well, I really don't think it's like rage, nor do I get a rage feeling from it. To me, it feels more like someone who receives a blow, then re-directs and re-channels that pain (or chi, or whatever) as a focus for his soul. So it goes something like this:
1) Receives pain.
2) Pain is turned into focus for soul.
3) Soul powers awesome stuff.
Feels quite disciplined to me, not rage-like and unbridled like a berserker.
Well, still don't fell like a monk to me. I would expect a monk to focus his discipline and his soul on avoiding hit and doing amazing , I don't know, counter-stuff, and be able to find and explore others weaknesses. I don't know what would be a cool and different monk class, I just don't think this one suggested is that.