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With the help of some fellow watchers, now I know how the game calculates lash damage. Suppose "PhyDMG_mid_stage" is the calculated physical damage only without penetration factor. For example, with +60% might, +60% legendary, +60% sneak attack, -50% Graze, the PhyDMG_mid_stage would be Roll*(1+0.6+0.6+0.6-1)=1.8*Roll. (-50%: 1-1/0.5 = -1, you can check this <a href="https://forums.obsidian.net/topic/98679-mechanics-attack-speed-recovery-time-reload-time/">mechanics-attack-speed-recovery-time-reload-time</a> for explanation) The baseLashDMG = PhyDMG_mid_stage * coef The reason I am calling it "mid_stage" is that when calculating the final physical damage, we need the penetration factor. So far, we only have 5 values, -75%(-3) -50%(-1) -25%(-0.33) 0 +30%(0.3). The number in bracket is the covereted value for damage calculation. And the example continues, suppose we have an Overpen, our final physical damage for the above would be Roll*(1.8+0.3)=2.1*Roll. Whats next, suppose we have +50% fire damage (turning wheel). What would be our total combined damage? The baseLashDMG would be 1.8*0.5*Roll = 0.9*Roll. Now we need to consider the fire damage penetration. If we also have an Overpen, then the finalLashDMG = baseLashDMG * (1+0.3) = 1.3*0.9*Roll = 1.17*Roll. Well, the inconsistency comes. The intuitive value would be 2.1*0.5=1.05*Roll, but the actual value in the game is 1.17*Roll, which is higher. In the above example, the difference is not that obvious, but in the game, with the help of many skills and items, that difference could be much higher. The current game system would magnify the physical damage bonuses. I am not gonna call it a bug, but at least an inconsistency. The penetration factor for physical damage is an additive factor, however for lash damage, a multiplicative factor. Also, raw damage would be much worse than normal elemental lash when you have high enough pen. On the other hand, raw damage could be extremely good against enemies with very high AR. For example, the Aztec style obsidian blade(I forgot the name) has +10% raw lash. For example, +60% might, +60% legendary, +60% sneak attack, -75% noPen, the coef_sum = 0.6+0.6+0.6-3=-1.2, and the final physical dmg = Roll*(1/(1--1.2))=Roll/2.2=0.45*Roll. The raw_lash = 0.1*1.8=0.18*Roll, which would be 4X as a normal elemental lash.